Collision with terrain

Preliminary report released 9 December 2006

The aircraft was reported to have impacted the ground during a flight to replenish the hopper for further spraying. The pilot was fatally injured.

On 23 October 2006, the Air Safety Investigation Branch (ASIB) of Papua New Guinea notified the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) of an accident that occurred on 20 October 2006, at 1200 Eastern Daylight-saving Time, involving a Bell Helicopter Co Jetranger helicopter, registered P2-HBG, that was piloted by an Australian citizen. The helicopter was reported missing and was subsequently found to have impacted rough terrain approximately 102 km north of Port Moresby. The pilot and three passengers were fatally injured.

The ATSB initially appointed an expert to the investigation into the accident, in accordance with clause 5.27 of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

On 6 November 2006, the ASIB requested ATSB assistance to oversight the examination of the helicopter's engine that was to be conducted at an Australian maintenance facility. To assist in that process, it was agreed that the ATSB could appoint an accredited representative, in accordance with Clause 5.23 of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, to participate in the ASIB's investigation.

To protect the information supplied by the ASIB to the ATSB and investigative work undertaken to assist the ASIB, the ATSB initiated an investigation under the Transport Safety Investigation Act 2003. Subsequently, the ASIB advised the ATSB that the engine examination would not be conducted in Australia.

On completion of its investigation, the ASIB of Papua New Guinea will publish the final investigation report regarding the accident.

On 19 September 2006, at approximately 1630 Eastern Standard Time, the pilot of a Boeing Stearman, registered N-73410, experienced a control problem while taxiing. The pilot reported that while conducting engine and power checks the aircraft inadvertently became airborne after hitting a bump on the airstrip that coincided with a gust of wind. He decided to continue with the take-off intending to complete a circuit and return the aircraft to the airstrip. The pilot reported that after banking to the left, he lost aileron control and the aircraft impacted the ground, flipped over and came to rest in an inverted position. The passenger received minor injuries and the pilot was uninjured. The aircraft was substantially damaged.

The pilot stated that prior to the accident he had engaged the flight controls lock on the aircraft while it was stationary on the airstrip. He reported that during the taxi runs he discovered that the flight controls lock was still engaged so he unlocked it. He subsequently believes that this action was unsuccessful and was why he was unable to control the aircraft during the take-off.

Five witnesses, who had earlier in the day assisted the pilot to move furniture, reported that they understood from the pilot that if the weather conditions were suitable, three of them would get a flight in the Stearman. The aircraft did not have a current maintenance release and was not airworthy.

The investigation was unable to reconcile the discrepancies between the pilot and witness reports.

Preliminary report released 2 November 2006

The pilot with four passengers on board, was conducting a private flight within the station property. The aircraft was later discovered destroyed after it had impacted the ground. Two of the passengers were fatally injured.

On 26 March 2006, at about 1800 Eastern Daylight-saving Time, a Cessna 188B Agwagon aircraft, registered VH-ZIP, was reported to have taken off from a field adjacent to a local water-ski area, about 59 km south-west of Narrandera, NSW, with the pilot as the sole occupant. The following morning at about 0900, the aircraft wreckage was found by a passer-by at a position 55 km south of Narrandera and about 8 km from the departure area. The aircraft was destroyed, there was no fire, and the pilot was fatally injured.

There was no evidence that the pilot experienced any physiological condition which could have contributed to the accident. Weather conditions in the area were reported to be fine with little or no wind and there were no overhead powerlines or other obstacles in the vicinity. The aircraft had impacted the ground heavily, in a nose-down, right wing-low attitude, consistent with a low-speed stall or aerobatic manoeuvre. There was no evidence of a flight control or systems problem which could have contributed to the accident and the engine and propeller were producing power at the time of impact.

The pilot was reported to have been known to conduct 'high-risk' aerial activities, including aerobatic flight in agricultural aircraft. A number of photographs taken shortly before the final flight showed him conducting low passes over the water-ski site with the aircraft's main wheels in contact with the surface of the water. During the accident flight he was reported to have conducted very low passes over a departing vehicle, more low passes over the water with the main wheels in contact with the water's surface and what was described to be manoeuvres consistent with aerobatic flight.

The investigation concluded that the pilot was probably conducting an aerobatic flight manoeuvre from which collision with terrain could not be prevented.

Preliminary report released 10 April 2006

On 21 February 2006, at approximately 0630 Eastern Standard Time, a Robinson Helicopter Company Model R44 helicopter (R44), registered VH-HBS, departed Mt Isa, Qld, with two people on board. The helicopter was to position to the Gunpowder airstrip (approximately 100 km to the north) to meet a survey party.

Upon arrival at the airstrip, two other people boarded the helicopter and it departed to begin survey operations in the area between Mt Gordon Mine and Mt Kelly Mine, approximately 30 km to the south-west (Figure 1). During the morning, the helicopter returned to the airstrip at Gunpowder on three occasions to refuel and change personnel on board. It was reported that the helicopter was refuelled to full tanks on each occasion.

Figure 1: Survey area and accident location

It was reported that the helicopter refuelled for the last time at approximately 1300 and departed shortly after with four people on board to continue survey operations in the designated area. The helicopter was expected to rendezvous with the other members of the survey team at approximately 1530. When the helicopter failed to arrive, communication checks with the helicopter pilot and the helicopter operator were conducted and, when no contact with the helicopter was established, search and rescue procedures were initiated. The search continued into the night using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) equipped aircraft. The following morning additional helicopters and aircraft joined the search. At approximately 1100, the burnt wreckage of the helicopter was located on the top of a hill, situated on the edge of the survey area. Rescuers confirmed that all four persons on board had received fatal injuries.

Examination of the wreckage indicated that the helicopter had impacted the terrain heavily, approximately rotor-disc level and in a nose-down attitude. The helicopter came to rest on its right side (Figure 2). The main and tail rotor blades displayed evidence of low rotational energy at the point of impact. Further examination of the main rotor blades revealed compression wrinkling of the upper outer surface of both main rotor blades. All components of the helicopter were accounted for at the accident site.

Figure 2: Aerial view of helicopter wreckage

A severe, fuel-fed, post-impact fire destroyed the cabin and cockpit structure and surrounding flight and engine control systems. The fixed emergency locator transmitter (ELT) and the satellite telephone carried by the pilot were destroyed in the fire. No evidence of the portable ELT, reported to have been carried by the pilot, was found in the wreckage.

The area in which the helicopter was located was not considered to be suitable for a landing area for the R44 helicopter.

Weather conditions in the area were forecast to be fine with light easterly winds. Reported weather conditions in the area were consistent with that forecast.

The pilot held a commercial pilot (helicopter) licence and was appropriately endorsed to fly the R44 helicopter.

The ATSB has recovered the engine and a number of other components for further examination. One of the components recovered is an impact and fire damaged Global Positioning System (GPS) unit. A quantity of data has been successfully recovered from the GPS unit.

The investigation is continuing and will include:

• detailed examination of the engine and recovered components
• examination of the helicopter maintenance records
• further evaluation of the weather conditions
• a review of operational factors
• detailed examination of recovered GPS data.

Interim Factual report released 21 September 2006

History of the flight

At about 0712 Central Standard Time¹ on 19 January 2006, a Beech Aircraft Corporation 58 Baron aircraft, registered VH-MNI, departed Darwin, NT, on a charter flight to McArthur River Mine, NT. On board were the pilot and one passenger. The flight planned track of the aircraft was at 9,000 ft above mean sea level direct to McArthur River Mine, located 385 NM south-east of Darwin. The pilot was to pick up an additional passenger at McArthur River Mine, and transport the two passengers on to Merlin Mine. He was to then return to Darwin with two other passengers.

At 0925, a Piper PA-31 Navajo aircraft, registered VH-BTD was in the circuit area at McArthur River Mine in preparation for landing on runway 06. The pilot of the Navajo reported that, at about this time, he heard a transmission on the common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) from the pilot of the Baron. In his transmission, the Baron pilot advised that he was inbound to McArthur River Mine, with an estimated time of arrival of 0932, and he requested information on the weather conditions at the aerodrome. The pilot of the Navajo replied that there was scattered cloud at 800 ft, good visibility and scattered rain showers in the area. He suggested that runway 24 was the most appropriate runway, given the arrival track of the Baron and the location of the rain showers south-west of the aerodrome. The pilot of the Baron acknowledged the Navajo pilot's transmission.

In addition to the pilot, the navigator on board the Navajo also heard the communications between the two pilots. Both the pilot and the navigator reported that the content and tone of the Baron pilot's transmissions did not indicate that he was experiencing any difficulties or problems.

The pilot of the Navajo subsequently landed that aircraft at about 0928. He reported that, at some time between 0932 and 0935, while walking across the apron to the aerodrome manager's building, he observed the Baron overfly the aerodrome. He estimated that it directly overflew the aerodrome manager's building, located near the threshold of runway 06. He stated that the aircraft appeared to be at a normal circuit height (1,000 ft above ground level) and that it appeared to be tracking to a mid to late downwind position for a landing on runway 24. He also stated that the aircraft appeared to be operating normally with a normal sound from both engines. The navigator of the Navajo also saw and heard the Baron fly overhead, and noted nothing unusual regarding the aircraft's operation.

Transmissions on the McArthur River Mine CTAF were not recorded. However, a person in the terminal building reported that he could hear the aerodrome manager's VHF radio, which was selected to the McArthur River Mine CTAF. That witness heard the Baron fly over the aerodrome and did not recall subsequently hearing any transmissions from the aircraft.

When the aircraft did not land as expected, personnel at the aerodrome attempted to contact the pilot of the Baron, and then initiated a search and rescue response. The pilot of the Navajo reported that he returned to the aerodrome at the request of search and rescue personnel, and then took off at about 1040, with two passengers on board, to search for the missing aircraft. At about 1050, the wreckage was located about 4 km east of the aerodrome (Figure 1). On arrival at the accident site, rescue personnel found that both aircraft occupants had sustained fatal injuries.

Figure 1: Location of Incident

Personnel information

The pilot in command was appropriately qualified and licensed to undertake the flight. He had a total flying experience of 3,559.3 hours, and had flown 555.4 hours on multi-engine aircraft, with 166.8 hours on Barons. He was issued with a commercial pilot (aeroplane) licence in 1997, and he also held a Grade 1 instructor rating and a multi-engine command instrument rating.

In the last 90 days, the pilot had flown 141.9 hours, including 38.7 hours on Barons. His logbook indicated that he had flown into McArthur River Mine on at least two previous occasions, the last being on 29 November 2005.

On 16 January, the pilot's duty time was recorded as starting at 0645 and ending at 2030, with a flight time of 4.8 hours. It was reported that when he returned home, he had a headache and body ache. The next day he telephoned the operator and stated that he was unable to work due to sickness. He continued to feel unwell on the 18 January and again reported in sick. However, after lunch that day, he contacted the operator and reported that he was feeling better and available for any urgent tasking if required. He went into work to conduct a flight, but the job was later cancelled. On the evening of 18 January he conducted some preparatory work for the flights the next day.

It was reported that the pilot went to sleep each night between 2100 and 2130. He normally woke up between 0530 and 0600, though had extra sleep on 17 January. On 19 January, he awoke at about 0400 and did some yoga exercises before going to work.

Aircraft information

The aircraft was manufactured in 1978 and imported into Australia the same year. It had a total time in service of 9,826.4 hours.

The operator purchased the aircraft in November 2004. The aircraft underwent regular maintenance and non-scheduled repairs over the 713.4 hours flying service with the operator. The approved system of maintenance included Check 2 inspections every 200 hours, with a Check 1 inspection conducted at the 100-hour interval between Check 2 inspections. The aircraft had a valid maintenance release, issued on 9 November 2005 following the last Check 2 inspection. The last Check 1 inspection was conducted on 6 January 2006. On 13 January, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority issued a permissible unserviceability to allow the aircraft to be operated with the combustion cabin heater unserviceable until 13 February 2006. There were no other outstanding maintenance items. Pilots who had flown the aircraft in the days prior to the accident reported no problems or concerns regarding the aircraft.

Wreckage examination

An examination of the wreckage indicated that the aircraft impacted the ground inverted in a steep nose-down attitude (Figure 2). The wreckage was contained in the immediate area of the impact crater, suggesting a mostly vertical component to the direction of flight at impact. The wreckage had been disturbed by rescue personnel prior to examination by Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) investigators.
Further information obtained from the wreckage examination included the following:

• The fuselage nose, to just rear of the main cabin utility door, was destroyed by extreme compression forces during the impact sequence. The rear fuselage and tail section also showed evidence of impact damage with the ground.
• Both engines, nacelles and propellers had detached and were located in the impact crater.
• Both wings were intact, but separated from the fuselage. The forward structure of both wings was crushed back to the rear spars and the wing fuel tanks were breached during the impact sequence. Each of the wing fuel tank bays showed evidence of skin attachment failure on the rivet lines by the hydraulic action of the fuel contents during the impact sequence. The first rescue personnel at the accident site reported a strong smell of aviation gasoline.
• The ailerons, rudder and elevator flight control surfaces, with the associated trim tabs, were located within the main wreckage area. The flight controls were all connected at impact. A detailed examination of the wreckage did not identify any manual control system anomalies that would have prevented controlled flight of the aircraft prior to impact.
• The landing gear was extended.
• The wing flaps were extended in the approach (15 degrees) position.
• The fuel selector for each engine was in the ON position.
• Due to the extent of impact damage, no reliable evidence of control settings in the cockpit could be obtained.

Figure 2: Aircraft Wreckage

Examination of aircraft components

Several components of the aircraft were removed for more detailed examination. Results of these examinations included the following:

• Engines: The aircraft was fitted with two Teledyne Continental Model IO-520C engines. Both engines were extensively damaged by impact forces. Although all components of the engines could not be functionally tested, a detailed examination found no mechanical anomalies within either engine that would have prevented them from operating.
• Propellers: The aircraft was fitted with Hartzell three-bladed constant-speed, feathering propellers (Model PHC-J3YF-2UF). The blades of both propellers showed very little chord-wise scoring or distress on either surface, which implied a rapid cessation of rotation upon ground impact. Dominant blade distortion of both propellers was heavy out-of-plane bending to the rear. The absence of any prominent evidence of in-plane reactive bending or torsional distortion indicated that the propellers were rotating, rather than feathered, at impact. The rapid stoppage of the propellers and the pattern of blade bending implied that there was low applied torque or power at impact. Witness marks on the blade preload plates of the left propeller provided some indication that this propeller was operating in the governed speed range at impact. The damage to the right propeller pitch change mechanism prevented similar evidence being observable for that propeller. No evidence of any pre-existing unserviceability or anomalous condition was found within either of the propeller units.
• Dual engine tachometer: The speed of both engines was indicated on a single gauge with two needles, one for each engine. The indicator needles were found stuck in a position indicating about 2,100 RPM. Witness marks on the back of the rear needle indicated that the two needles were providing the same reading at impact.
• Autopilot system: The aircraft was fitted with a S-Tec System 50 Autopilot (Model ST-224-50) on 9 November 2005. Components of the system were identified and removed from the wreckage for detailed examination. Not all of the components were able to be functionally tested. However, no evidence was found to indicate that there were any problems with the functioning of the system. The filament of the "ready" light globe was examined and exhibited signs of filament stretch. This indicated that the filament was stretched while hot, and therefore the light bulb was illuminated at the time of impact. The "ready" indicator light on the system illuminates when the autopilot has completed a self check and verified that the turn and bank gyro is up to speed, and the system is therefore ready for a mode to be selected. After a mode has been selected, the "ready" globe extinguishes. No evidence of filament stretch was found in any of the light globes which indicated a mode of operation.
• Stall warning system: The stall warning switch was substantially damaged during the impact and could not be functionally tested.

Weather information

The Bureau of Meteorology reported that, en-route from Darwin to McArthur River Mine, the aircraft would have encountered scattered showers and possibly isolated storms, embedded in extensive areas of cloud. Upper level winds were favourable for the development of moderate turbulence, as stated in area forecasts.
The Terminal Aerodrome Forecast for McArthur River Mine, issued at 0348 on 19 January 2006, forecast broken² stratus cloud at 1,000 ft, light rain, and light north-east winds. The forecast had a temporary holding (TEMPO)³ for operational requirements due to storms for the whole day. However, a review of satellite and radar pictures by the Bureau of Meteorology concluded that there did not appear to be any storms in the area at the time of the occurrence.
The McArthur River Mine automatic weather station recorded the following observations on the day of the occurrence:

• 0900 local time: wind from 050 degrees at 4 kts, temperature 25.9 degrees, QNH 1007.5 hectopascals (hPa), no rainfall recorded in last 10 minutes, 0.2 mm rain recorded in previous hour.
• 1000 local time: wind from 360 degrees at 4 kts, temperature 26.4 degrees, QNH 1007.6 hPa, no rain recorded in previous hour.

The automatic weather station did not have the capability to record cloud amount or type. However, the pilot of the Navajo which landed at McArthur River Mine at 0928 reported that, when he was in the circuit, there was scattered cloud at 800 ft, which he described as 'very isolated' and no potential threat to maintaining visual contact with the runway. There was no wind or turbulence, good visibility, and no rain in the circuit area, although there were showers about 5 NM south-west of the aerodrome. These showers eventually moved to the north-west of the aerodrome.

Medical and pathological information

Post-mortem examination and toxicological testing found no evidence to indicate a pre-existing medical or physiological factor that could have influenced the pilot's performance. A review of aviation medical records and interviews with the pilot's work colleagues and family also did not identify any medical conditions likely to have influenced his performance.

The injuries received by both occupants were consistent with a high speed, rapidly decelerating impact. The accident was not survivable.

Other information

The pilot and the navigator of the Navajo reported that they did not see any birds when they were in the circuit, after they landed, or when they undertook the search flight. Another witness at the aerodrome also reported that he did not observe any birds in the vicinity at the time that the Baron overflew the aerodrome. No evidence of a birdstrike was found in the wreckage.

On the morning of 19 January 2006, 462 litres of fuel was added to the aircraft, resulting in the aircraft being fully fuelled with a total of 737 litres for the flight to McArthur River Mine.

The aerodrome chart for McArthur River Mine aerodrome noted that, when using runway 06, pilots were required to use right-hand circuits. There were no notes for circuits to runway 24, which therefore meant that pilots were required to use a left-hand circuit for that runway. The location of the aircraft wreckage was consistent with a late downwind or early base leg position using a left circuit for runway 24.

The operator's pilots reported that their normal practice for operating the Baron was to have an engine speed of 2,300 RPM during the cruise, and then maintain that setting until landing. The manifold pressure would be reduced during the descent until, when the aircraft levelled out at the circuit height of 1,000 ft above ground level, there was typically a manifold pressure of 18 inches. The first stage of flap and the landing gear would be selected during the downwind leg, with the aircraft turning on to the base leg with a speed of about 110 to 120 kts. The second (and last) stage of flap would be selected when the aircraft was turning on to final approach or during final approach.

1. The 24-hour clock is used in this report to describe the time of day. Central Standard Time was Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)+ 9.5 hours.
2. Broken refers to 5 to 7 eights of the sky obscured by cloud.
3. TEMPO is used to indicate a change in prevailing conditions expected to last for a period of less than one hour.

Interim Factual report released 25 May 2006

At about 1040 Australian Eastern Standard Time on 2 January 2006, the pilot of a Cessna Airplane Company U206 aircraft, registered VH-UYB, took off from the parachuting centre at Willowbank, QLD. The aircraft was being flown by one pilot as a private flight, carrying three sport parachutists (jump masters) and three passengers who had paid for the proposed tandem parachute jump. Witnesses reported that during the initial climb, the aircraft did not gain height as expected. It impacted a 23 m (75 ft) high tree approximately 1,200 m from the end of the runway before descending from view. Of the seven persons on board, all but two were fatally injured.

On 21 September 2006 at 2356 Eastern Standard Time, the US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) notified the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) of an accident involving a foreign registered and operated Grumman G-73T, Turbo Mallard, aircraft, which occurred on 19 December 2005 near Watson's Island, US (see www.ntsb.gov and DCA06MA010). The NTSB requested assistance from the ATSB to obtain information relating to the operation of Turbo Mallard aircraft in Australia.

The ATSB appointed an accredited representative to participate in the investigation into the occurrence, in accordance with clause 5.23 of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. To protect the information supplied by the NTSB to the ATSB and the investigative work undertaken to assist the NTSB, the ATSB initiated an investigation under the Transport Safety Investigation Act 2003.

The ATSB accredited representative coordinated the exchange of airworthiness information from an Australian operator of Mallard aircraft. That operator had modified an aircraft by fitting turbine engines.

The NTSB is responsible for the final investigation report regarding this occurrence.

On 6 December 2005, the owner-pilot of a single-engine Cessna Aircraft Company 150G, registered VH-KPQ, was conducting aerial mustering operations on a family-owned station, 156 km north of Broken Hill, NSW.

At about 0835 Eastern Daylight-saving Time, the pilot was observed to circle some sheep at about 250 ft above ground level. Shortly after, ground mustering personnel noticed smoke nearby and found that the aircraft had impacted the ground and there was an intense fire. The pilot, who was the sole occupant of the aircraft, was fatally injured.

The aircraft wreckage was found approximately 400 m to the south-east from where the pilot was circling. The aircraft was upright with evidence of severe impact damage to the left wing, nose section and rear fuselage.

Examination of the aircraft, including the flight control systems and engine, did not reveal any evidence of pre-impact defects. Damage to the propeller indicated that the engine was operating at ground impact. The wing flaps were found in the retracted position.

The steepness of the angle of bank and the nose-down pitch attitude at the aircraft's point of ground impact indicated that the aircraft was in a steep left turn at that time. Those indications and the minimal forward movement of the aircraft after ground contact were consistent with the aircraft having stalled and slipped out of the turn. The lack of aircraft rotation at impact indicated that there had been insufficient time for the stall to develop into a spin, consistent with it occurring at low level.

The investigation concluded that the aircraft stalled at a height from which the pilot was unable to effect recovery.